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橡胶支座是由多层薄钢板与多层橡胶片硫化粘合而成一种普通橡胶支座产品,这种产品具有足够的竖向刚度
Rubber bearing is a kind of ordinary rubber bearing product, which is vulcanized by multilayer steel sheet and multilayer rubber sheet. This kind of product has enough vertical rigidity
,能够将支座上部构造的反力可靠的传递给墩台,支座具有良好的弹性,以应对桥梁的梁端的转动；又有较大的剪切变形能力，以满足上部构造的水平位移。
That can be a reliable force transfer to the pier upper bearing structure, bearing has good flexibility, rotating beam end in response to the bridge; and a larger shear deformation capacity, to meet the horizontal displacement of superstructure.
橡胶支座该产品目前执行的标准为以下三个：
Rubber bearings, the current implementation of the standard for the following three:
公路行业标准：JT/T4-2004公路桥梁板式橡胶支座
Highway industry standard: JT/T4-2004 highway bridge plate rubber bearing
铁路行业标准：TB/T 1893-2006铁路桥梁板式橡胶支座
Standard of railway industry: TB/T 1893-2006 plate rubber bearing for railway bridge
**标准：GB 20668.4-2007橡胶支座第4部分：普通橡胶支座
National standard: GB 20668.4-2007 rubber bearing fourth parts: ordinary rubber bearings
橡胶支座具有构造简单、安装方便、节省钢材、价格低廉、养护简便、易于更换等特点。
The rubber bearing has the characteristics of simple structure, convenient installation, saving steel, low price, easy maintenance and easy replacement.
在板式支座表面粘复一层1.5mm-3mm厚的聚四氟乙烯板,就能制作成聚四氟乙烯滑板式橡胶支座它除了竖向钢度与弹性变形,能承受垂直荷载及适应梁端转动外,因聚四氟乙烯板的低摩擦系数,可使梁端在四氟板表面自由滑动,水平位移不受限制,特别适宜中、小荷载,大位移量的桥梁使用。

After the Teflon plate 1.5mm-3mm thick layer on the plate bearing surface, can be made of PTFE sliding plate rubber support in addition to its vertical stiffness and elastic deformation under vertical load and can adapt to the rotation of the outer end of the beam, due to the low friction coefficient of PTFE plate, the Liang Duan in the PTFE surface free sliding level the displacement is not restricted, especially suitable for medium and small load, large displacement bridge use.
板式橡胶支座是公路中小型桥梁中比较常用的产品，它分为普通板式橡胶支座、四氟板式橡胶支座。对于普通型桥梁支座适用于跨度小于30m、位移量较小的桥梁.不同的平面形状适用于不同的桥跨结构,正交桥梁用矩形支座;曲线桥、斜交桥及圆柱墩桥用圆形支座.
Plate rubber bearings are commonly used in small and medium highway bridges. They are divided into ordinary plate rubber bearing and PTFE plate rubber bearing. For the ordinary type of bridge bearing for bridge in a span of less than 30m, small displacement. Different plane shapes for different bridge structure, bridge with orthogonal rectangular bearings; bearing with circular curve bridge, skew bridge and bridge pier.
支座安装
Support installation
a：安装准备
A: Installation Preparation
a.1板式橡胶支座安装处宜设置支承垫石,支承垫石平面尺寸大小应按局部承压计算确定,垫石长度、宽度应比支座相应的尺寸至少增加50mm左右，其高度应为100mm以上，且应考虑便于支座更换顶梁时千斤顶的安装位置。
A.1 rubber bearing installation should set the bearing pad stone, bearing pad stone plane size should be according to the local pressure calculation, cushion stone length and width should be higher than the corresponding support size increase of at least about 50mm, its height should be more than 100mm, and should be considered for replacement when the top beam jack installation position.
a.2支座垫石内应布置钢筋网，钢筋直径为8mm时，间距宜为50mm×50mm，桥梁墩、台内应有竖向钢筋延伸至支座垫石内，支座垫石的混凝土强度等级不应低于C30。
A.2 bearing pad stone internal layout of steel mesh, bar diameter is 8mm, the suitable spacing is 50mm * 50mm, bridge pier and abutment should have vertical bars extending to the bearing pad stone, concrete strength bearing pad stone should not be less than C30.
a.3支座垫石表面应平整、清洁、干爽、无浮沙。支座垫石顶面标高要求准确无误。在平坡情况下，同一片梁两端支承垫石及同一桥墩、台上支承垫石应处于同一设计标高平面内，其相对高差不应超过±1.5 mm，同一支承垫石高差应小于0.5 mm。
A.3 bearing pad stone surface should be smooth, clean, dry, no sand. The elevation of the top of the cushion stone should be accurate. In the case of flat slope, with a beam at both ends of bearing pad stone piers, and the same table bearing pad stone should be in the same plane design elevation, the relative height should not exceed 1.5 mm, with a height of bearing pad stone should be less than 0.5 mm.
b：支座安装
B: support installation
b.1支座进场后，应检查支座上是否有制造商的商标或**性标记。安装时，应按照设计图纸要求，在支承垫石和支座上均标出支座位置中心线，以保证支座准确就位。
When the B.1 bearing comes into play, the manufacturer's trademark or permanent mark shall be checked on the support. When installing, the center line of bearing position should be marked on the support stone and support according to the requirements of the design drawings, so as to ensure the correct positioning of the bearing.

b.2支座安装时，应防止支座出现偏压或产生过大的初始剪切变形。安装完成后，必须保证支座与上、下部结构紧密接触，不得出现脱空现象。对未形成整体的梁板结构，应避免重型车辆通过。
When the B.2 bearing is installed, it is necessary to prevent the bearing from bias or to produce excessive initial shear deformation. After installation, the bearing must be closely contacted with the upper and lower structures, and no voids occur. The heavy vehicle should be avoided when the beam slab structure is not formed.
b. 3桥梁墩台的设计应考虑支座养护、更换的需要。任何情况下，不允许两个或两个以上的支座沿梁纵向中心线在同一支承点并排安装；在同一根梁（板）上，横向不宜设置多于两个支座；不同规格的支座不应并排安装。
The design of B. 3 bridge pier should consider the need to support maintenance and replacement. In any case, does not allow two or more than two bearings along the beam longitudinal center line on the same support mounted side by side on the same; beam (plate), transverse should not be set more than two bearings; bearing different specifications should not be installed side by side.
b. 4支座安装后，应全面检查是否有支座漏放，支座安装方向、位置（与预埋钢板的接触、支座中心线位置）、支座规格型号是否有错，临时固定设施是否拆除，四氟滑板支座是否注入硅脂油（严禁使用润滑油代替硅脂油）等现象，一经发现，应及时调整和处理，确保支座安装后的正常工作，并记录支座安装后出现的各项偏差及异常情况。
B. 4 supports after installation, should check whether the support drain, installation direction and position of the support (contact and support center line position and pre buried steel), bearing specifications is wrong, whether the removal of temporary fixed facilities, PTFE sliding bearings are injected into the silicone oil (lubricating oil instead of silicone oil is prohibited to use). The phenomenon, once discovered, should be timely adjustment and treatment, ensure the normal work of bearing after installation, and record the deviation and abnormal situation after the installation of bearings.
b.5支座使用阶段平均压应力σc=10MPa。支座橡胶弹性体体积Eb=2000MPa。
The average compressive stress B.5 c=10MPa during the service stage of the support. Volume of rubber elastomer in support Eb=2000MPa.
支座与混凝土接触时，摩擦系数μ=0.3；与钢板接触时，摩擦系数μ=0.2；聚四氟乙烯板与不锈钢板接触（加硅脂时）摩擦系数μf=0.06,当温度低于-25℃时，μf值增大30%，当不加硅脂时，μf值应加倍。
Bearing contact with concrete, friction coefficient of =0.3; and the steel plate contact, friction coefficient =0.2; PTFE plate contact with stainless steel plate (add grease when) the friction coefficient f=0.06, when the temperature is lower than -25 DEG C, F value increased 30%, when not add grease, F value should be doubled.
b.6矩形支座安装时以短边尺寸顺桥向放置。
B.6 rectangular support installation with short side dimensions along the bridge placement.

Rubber pad
The following basic principles need to be considered:
(1) when the superstructure is a spatial structure, the rubber pads should be adapted to the deformation of the bridge along the bridge (X direction) and across the bridge (Y direction);
(2) rubber pads must be able to reliably transmit vertical and horizontal reactions;
(3) the longitudinal displacement, transverse displacement and longitudinal and constant rotation angle due to the deformation of the beam should be free of restraint as far as possible;
(4) when the bridge is located on the plain slope, the fixed rubber cushion block shall be located on the front abutment of the main driving direction;
(5) the rubber cushion block should be located in the place where the reaction force is greater;
(6) several rubber pads on the same pier should have similar rotational rigidity;
In a word, the layout principle of the bridge rubber cushion block is not only convenient to transfer the counterforce of the support, but also to make the rubber cushion block fully adapt to the free deformation of the beam.
3 rubber pad installation
(1) before installing the cushion block, the installation position of the support shall be measured and checked, and the mounting plane of the bearing shall be parallel to the sliding plane or the rolling plane of the support, and the deviation of its parallelism shall not exceed 2 per thousand.
(2) the relative position of the top and bottom of the movable support shall be checked before the cushion block is installed.
(3) when the cushion block is installed, the rolling and sliding planes should be horizontal, and the slope of the plane and the theoretical plane is no more than 2 per thousand. The center of the upper plate and the lower plate shall be centered, and the deviation shall not be greater than 2 per thousand.
(4) in order to ensure the installation and leveling of cushion blocks, the dry and hard without shrinkage mortar cushion of 20 ~ 50mm thick should be rammed between the bottom of support and the top of cushion.